Technical datasheet
Description
The monoclonal antibody 55 recognizes lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LTA, a glycerol phosphate surface polymer, is a component of the envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. LTA is anchored via its glycolipids to the membrane and carries a polysaccharide chain extending into the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. LTA is released spontaneously into the culture medium during growth of gram-positive bacteria. LTA functions as an immune activator with characteristics very similar to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. LTA binds to CD14 and triggers activation predominantly via Toll-like receptor 2. Although LTA is internalized and traffics to the Golgi, the cellular activation in response to LTA occurs at the cell surface.
Immunogen
Microbial mixture of Streptococcus sobrims HG961, HG962, HG970, and HG977
Formulation
1 ml (> 200 µg/ml) culture medium with a low endotoxin level containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Species
Mouse IgG3
Application
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F
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FC10
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FS
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IA2,3,8
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IF4,9
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IP
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P
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W,5.6,7
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Yes
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No
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N.D.
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N.D.= Not Determined; F = Frozen sections; FC = Flow Cytometry; FS = Functional Studies; IA = Immuno Assays; IF = Immuno Fluorescence; IP = Immuno Precipitation; P = Paraffin sections; W = Western blot
Application notes
IA: For detection, 1.2 µg/ml antibody in PBS was added for 1 hr at 37 °C on LTA coated plates (Ref. 2,3,8).
FC: 1/250
IF: 60’in PBS/0.02%BSA/0.02% saponin (ref 4)
W: A reduced or native sample treatment and run on 15% SDS-Page. Blot was incubated o/n at 4°C with a 1/1000 dilution .The band size is ~17 kDa (Ref.6,7).
Use
For immunohistology and Western blotting dilutions to be used depend on detection system applied. It is recommended that users test the reagent and determine their own optimal dilutions. The typical starting working dilution is 1:50.
Positive control
Culture medium of Gram-positive bacteria.
Negative control
Culture medium of eukaryotic cells
Storage and stability
Product should be stored at 4°C. Under recommended storage conditions, product is stable for one year.
References
1. Hogg,S et al; Occurrence of lipotechoic acid in oral streptococci. Int. journal of systematic bacteriology 1997, 47:62
2. Langevelde, P et al; Antibiotic-induced release of lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus: Quantitative measurements and biological reactivities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998, 42: 3073
3. Langevelde, P et al; Antibiotic-induced cell wall fragments of Staphylococcus aureus increase endothelial chemokine secretion and adhesiveness for granulocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43: 2984
4. Triantafilou, M et al; Lipoteichoic acid and toll-like receptor 2 internalization and targeting to the golgi are lipid raft-dependent. J Biol Chem 2004, 279: 40882
5. Henneke, P et al; Role of lipoteichoic acid in the phagocyte response to group B Streptococcus. J Immunol 2005, 174: 6449
6. Grundling, A et al. Synthesis of glycerol phosphate lipoteichoic acid in Staphylococcus aureus. PNAS 2007, 104:8478
7. Jimenez-Dalmaroni, M et al. Soluble CD36 ectodomain binds negatively charged diacylglycerol ligands and acts as a co-receptor for TLR2. Plos One 2009, 4:7411
8. Yajima, A et al. Contribution of phosphoglucosamine mutase to the resistance of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 to polymorphonuclear leukocyte killing. FEMS Microbiol lett 2009, 297: 196
9. Hashimoto, Y et al. Identification of LTA as a ligand for draper in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by Drosophila hemocytes. I.Immunol 2009, 183:7451
10. Hirose, Y et al. Lipoteichoic acids on lactobacillus platarum cell surfaces correlate with induction of interleukin-12p40 production. Microbiol immunol 2010, 54:143
Precautions
For research use only. Not for use in or on humans or animals or for diagnostics. It is the responsibility of the user to comply with all local/state and Federal rules in the use of this product. Hycult Biotech is not responsible for any patent infringements that might result with the use of or derivation of this product.
Also available
References
1. Hogg,S et al; Occurrence of lipotechoic acid in oral streptococci. Int. journal of systematic bacteriology 1997, 47:62
2. Langevelde, P et al; Antibiotic-induced release of lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus: Quantitative measurements and biological reactivities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998, 42: 3073
3. Langevelde, P et al; Antibiotic-induced cell wall fragments of Staphylococcus aureus increase endothelial chemokine secretion and adhesiveness for granulocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43: 2984
4. Triantafilou, M et al; Lipoteichoic acid and toll-like receptor 2 internalization and targeting to the golgi are lipid raft-dependent. J Biol Chem 2004, 279: 40882
5. Henneke, P et al; Role of lipoteichoic acid in the phagocyte response to group B Streptococcus. J Immunol 2005, 174: 6449
6. Grundling, A et al. Synthesis of glycerol phosphate lipoteichoic acid in Staphylococcus aureus. PNAS 2007, 104:8478
7. Jimenez-Dalmaroni, M et al. Soluble CD36 ectodomain binds negatively charged diacylglycerol ligands and acts as a co-receptor for TLR2. Plos One 2009, 4:7411
8. Yajima, A et al. Contribution of phosphoglucosamine mutase to the resistance of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 to polymorphonuclear leukocyte killing. FEMS Microbiol lett 2009, 297: 196
9. Hashimoto, Y et al. Identification of LTA as a ligand for draper in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by Drosophila hemocytes. I.Immunol 2009, 183:7451
10. Hirose, Y et al. Lipoteichoic acids on lactobacillus platarum cell surfaces correlate with induction of interleukin-12p40 production. Microbiol immunol 2010, 54:143