Oxidation of PAPC generates a mixture of oxidized phospholipids containing either fragmented or full-length oxygenated sn-2 residues. The best-characterized oxidatively fragmented species contain a five-carbon sn-2 residue bearing omega-aldehyde or omega-carboxyl groups. Oxydation of arachidonic acid residue also produces phospholipids containing esterified isoprostanes. Both fragmented and full-length oxygenated species can regulate immune reactions.
Pro-inflammatory effects of OxPAPC include stimulation of endothelial cells to bind monocytes and induction of tissue clotting factor, IL-8, MCP-1, G-CSF and other mediators of atherothrombosis. Anti-inflammatory effects of OxPAPC are mediated by induction of protective enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 as well as suppression of innate immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) due to inhibition of LPS recognition by LPS-binding protein (LBP) and CD14. OxPAPC is active in vivo and was shown to protect mice in several models of acute inflammation induced by bacterial products. In addition, oxidized phospholipids present in OxPAPC are recognised by scavenger receptor CD36 and auto-antibodies present in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome.
Biological activities of OxPAPC are mediated by a variety of signal transduction mechanisms, including elevation of cAMP and Ca2+ levels, activation of MAP kinases, PI-3-kinase and small GTPases Rac-1 and Cdc42. OxPAPC-induced gene expression is mediated by transcription factors such as Egr-1, NFAT, CREB, NRF2, ATF4 but does not involve NFκB-dependent transcription.
For biological tests we recommend to use 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (PAPC, cat.# HC4043) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC, cat.# HC1044) as negative unoxidized controls.Add buffer or medium used in the experiment and resuspend lipids by vigorous vortexing for at least 30 seconds. Warm the vial up to 30°C and vortex again for 1 minute. Avoid preparing concentrated stocks since OxPAPC is poorly soluble in water. Sonicate if necessary to ensure better resuspension of OxPAPC, although that is usually not necessary at concentrations below 150µg/ml.
The concentration range in which OxPAPC can be used depends on the cell type, but usually is below 100 µg/ml. High concentrations of OxPAPC can be toxic. For every new cell and assay type it is recommended to determine time- and concentration dependence.
2. For use of partial amount:
Add chloroform to the vial to obtain lipid concentration of 1 to 10 mg/ml and carefully vortex avoiding contact of the solvent with vial cap. Aliquot OxPAPC solution into sterile glass (optimal) or polypropylene cell culture tubes. Before use check if the tubes are resistant to chloroform. Evaporate chloroform under a stream of nitrogen or argon gas with simultaneous vortexing in order to obtain a thin film of lipid on the tube walls. Resuspend in culture medium according to par. 1.
| HC4036 | Oxidized PAPC |
| HC4043 | PAPC |
| HC4044 | DMPC |
| HC4037 | CpG-A DNA (ODN 2216), Human/Mouse |
| HC4039 | CpG-B DNA (ODN 2006), Human/ Mouse |
| Related products | Cat # | |
|---|---|---|
| DMPC | HC4044 | |
| CpG-A DNA (ODN 2216), Human/Mouse | HC4037 | |
| Oxidized PAPC | HC4036 | |
| PAPC | HC4043 | |
| CpG-B DNA (ODN 2006), Human/ Mouse | HC4039 | |